In this article, we’ll be explaining exactly what NAS is, what can cause it, and the signs that parents and caregivers should watch for.
What Is Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome?
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome is a condition that directly affects newborn babies who have been exposed to certain substances during their development in the womb. These substances are usually drugs or medications that can cause dependency.
When the baby is born and no longer has access to these substances, the body may struggle to adjust and can cause uncomfortable symptoms. This process of withdrawal is what leads to NAS.
What Causes Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome?
NAS can happen when a pregnant parent uses drugs or medications that can cross the placenta and reach the baby.
The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the parent during pregnancy, supplying nutrients and oxygen. Unfortunately, harmful substances can pass through it as well.
The most common substances that cause NAS include:
- Opioids: heroin, methadone, codeine, or prescription painkillers such as oxycodone.
- Prescription medications: Medications used to treat anxiety, depression, or seizures (like benzodiazepines and antidepressants) can also lead to NAS if taken during pregnancy.
- Stimulants: Substances like cocaine and amphetamines.
- Other Substances: Alcohol and nicotine (though often overlooked) can contribute to withdrawal symptoms in newborns.
It’s important to understand that not every baby exposed to substances will develop NAS. However, the risk increases with frequent or heavy use at any time during the pregnancy.
What Are the Key Signs and Symptoms of NAS?
Babies with NAS can show a variety of symptoms. These may begin within a few hours or even up to a week after birth. The symptoms happen because the baby’s nervous system and body are adjusting to the absence of the drug.
Common signs include (but are not limited to):
- Babies may cry more than usual and be difficult to soothe.
- Tremors or shaking can happen even when the baby is not crying.
- Babies may struggle to suck or feed, and they may vomit or have diarrhoea.
- They may have trouble settling or staying asleep.
- Because feeding can be difficult for them, babies may not gain weight as expected.
- Sneezing can occur more frequently than usual.
- Their small bodies may have difficulty regulating temperature, which may mean they sweat or have a temperature.
- In more severe cases, babies may experience seizures, which will need immediate medical attention.
Is Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome a Disability?
Neonatal abstinence syndrome is not classed as a disability. However, it can increase the chance of the baby developing a disability.
The child may require support in relation to delayed speech development and develop difficulty with motor skills, learning challenges, or behavioural issues as they grow. This is especially true if left untreated. These outcomes can vary significantly depending on the severity of the syndrome and the level of support the child receives.
So, although NAS itself is not classified as a disability, the long-term effects may lead to conditions that require ongoing care and intervention. Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy can help manage symptoms and also improve developmental outcomes.
How Is NAS Diagnosed?
Doctors usually diagnose NAS by considering the parent’s medical history and observing the baby’s symptoms. They may also perform tests, such as:
- Urine tests to check for the presence of drugs or their by-products in the baby’s body.
- Doctors use scoring system scales to assess the severity of the baby’s symptoms.
Although it might be uncomfortable, pregnant women will need to be honest with their doctor about any medications or substances they’ve been using. This will help prepare for the baby’s needs after birth.
How to Treat Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
The treatment for NAS depends on how severe the baby’s symptoms are. For example, in mild cases, extra care and comfort may simply be enough. In more serious cases, medication might be needed.
Comforting Care
Babies with NAS often respond well to gentle and soothing care. This includes:
- Skin-to-skin contact: Holding the baby close can help calm them.
- Quiet Environment: Reducing noise and bright lights can ease overstimulation.
- Swaddling: Wrapping the baby snugly in a blanket can make them feel secure.
- Feeding support: Small and frequent feeds can help with feeding difficulties.
Medication
If the symptoms are severe and the baby is struggling, doctors may use medications in tiny doses. Sometimes, this is done through opioid replacement therapy, which involves a small dose of morphine or methadone.
These help ease withdrawal symptoms and are gradually reduced until the baby’s body adjusts.
How Long Does Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Last?
The Symptoms caused by neonatal abstinence syndrome can last anywhere from 4 to 6 months. After this period, it’s common for symptoms to gradually improve as the baby adjusts to life outside the womb.
As we touched on earlier, some children may experience lingering effects, such as behavioural or developmental delays, and this can persist beyond the initial withdrawal period. This is why early intervention is so important.
Can NAS Be Prevented?
Yes, it can. The key is to avoid using substances that could harm the baby, and if the individual is struggling with substance use, they should reach out to her doctor immediately.
NAS can also happen without substance misuse and the individual even knowing they’re causing harm. So, it’s also essential for women to:
- Speak with their doctor before stopping any medications: Suddenly stopping certain medications can be dangerous for both the parent and baby.
- Avoid alcohol and tobacco: Both can affect a baby’s development and lead to other health issues.
- Attend antenatal appointments: check-ups help ensure both the parent and child are healthy.
Understanding Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: The Key Takeaways
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome is a condition that affects some babies exposed to certain substances during pregnancy. And, while it can be difficult for both the baby and their family, understanding the causes, recognising the signs, and seeking the right treatment can make all the difference. With proper care and support, babies with NAS can grow up to be healthy and happy.
If you or someone you know is pregnant and struggling with substance use, don’t hesitate to reach out for support today. Early action can help ensure the best possible start for everyone involved.
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